What is Cerebrovascular Accident?

A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or severely reduced. The lack of blood supply deprives the brain cells of oxygen and the nutrients they need to function, leading to possible long-term brain damage or brain tissue death. A stroke is a life-threatening event that requires immediate treatment to prevent long-term complications or death.

Types of Cerebrovascular Accidents

There are two main types of strokes: ischemic and hemorrhagic.

• Ischemic Stroke: This is the most common type, occurring due to a blockage in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain. The block can be caused by a blood clot or by fatty deposits (atherosclerosis).

• Hemorrhagic Stroke: It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain breaks, spilling blood into or around the brain. This type of stroke is typically caused by high blood pressure, aneurysms, or trauma.

In addition, there is also a condition referred to as a transient ischemic attack (TIA), or “mini-stroke.” It is a temporary blockage of the blood flow that does not cause permanent damage but is a warning sign for a possible major stroke in the future.

Symptoms of a Stroke

Recognizing the signs of a stroke early is crucial. Look out for:

• Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side, that comes on suddenly.
• Inability to speak or comprehend speech.
• Trouble with vision in either or both eyes.
• Sudden dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination.
• Severe headache of unclear origin.

Use the FAST acronym to help identify a stroke:

• Face drooping,
• Arm weakness,
• Speech difficulties,
• Time to call for help immediately.

Risk Factors for a Stroke

Certain factors increase the risk of a stroke, including:

• Lifestyle factors including smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, and excessive alcohol consumption.
• Medical conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, and heart disease.
• Family history, sex (men are at slightly higher risk), and age (over 55 is higher risk).

Treatment and Prevention

Treatment differs based on the type of stroke. Ischemic strokes are treated using clot-dissolving medication, while hemorrhagic strokes try to halt bleeding and reduce brain pressure. Stroke rehabilitation restores lost function like speech or movement.

Dr. Naresh Kumar Damesha
Consulting Neurosurgeon